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The human stratum corneum comprises several levels of flattened corneocytes that are divided into two layers: the stratum disjunctum and stratum compactum. The skin's protective acid mantle and lipid barrier sit on top of the stratum disjunctum. [5] The stratum disjunctum is the uppermost and loosest layer of skin. The stratum compactum is the ...
The lipids ultimately form the lamellar lipid bilayer that surrounds corneocytes and also contributes to the permeability barrier homeostasis of the stratum corneum. [12] The homeostasis function is regulated by the calcium gradient in the epidermis. [17] Usually the calcium level is very low in stratum corneum, but high in stratum granulosum.
The ability of the skin to hold water is primarily due to the stratum corneum and is critical for maintaining healthy skin. [24] Skin hydration is quantified using corneometry. [25] Lipids arranged through a gradient and in an organized manner between the cells of the stratum corneum form a barrier to transepidermal water loss. [26] [27]
Human skin has a low permeability; that is, most foreign substances are unable to penetrate and diffuse through the skin. Skin's outermost layer, the stratum corneum, is an effective barrier to most inorganic nanosized particles.
The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the epidermis and the rate-limiting barrier in absorption of an agent. [4] Thus, how quickly something passes through this thicker outer layer determines the overall absorption. The stratum corneum is primarily composed of lipophilic cholesterol, cholesterol esters and ceramides. Thus lipid-soluble ...
A calcium gradient, with the lowest concentration in the stratum basale and increasing concentrations until the outer stratum granulosum, where it reaches its maximum. Calcium concentration in the stratum corneum is very high in part because those relatively dry cells are not able to dissolve the ions. [10]
The stratum corneum provides the most significant barrier to diffusion. In fact, the stratum corneum is the barrier to approximately 90% of transdermal drug applications. However, nearly all molecules penetrate it to some minimal degree. [3] Below the stratum corneum lies the viable epidermis.
Hyperkeratosis is thickening of the stratum corneum (the outermost layer of the epidermis, or skin), often associated with the presence of an abnormal quantity of keratin, [1] and is usually accompanied by an increase in the granular layer. As the corneum layer normally varies greatly in thickness in different sites, some experience is needed ...