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An electron donating group (EDG) or electron releasing group (ERG, Z in structural formulas) is an atom or functional group that donates some of its electron density into a conjugated π system via resonance (mesomerism) or inductive effects (or induction)—called +M or +I effects, respectively—thus making the π system more nucleophilic.
Delocalizing the radical ion stabilizes the transition state structure. As a result, the energy of activation decreases, enhancing the rate of the overall reaction. According to the captodative effect, the rate of a reaction is the greatest when both the EDG and EWG are able to delocalize the radical ion in the transition state structure. [7]
An electron-withdrawing group (EWG) is a group or atom that has the ability to draw electron density toward itself and away from other adjacent atoms. [1] This electron density transfer is often achieved by resonance or inductive effects.
An electric effect influences the structure, reactivity, or properties of a molecule but is neither a traditional bond nor a steric effect. [1] In organic chemistry, the term stereoelectronic effect is also used to emphasize the relation between the electronic structure and the geometry (stereochemistry) of a molecule.
The Birch reduction is an organic reaction that is used to convert arenes to 1,4-cyclohexadienes.The reaction is named after the Australian chemist Arthur Birch and involves the organic reduction of aromatic rings in an amine solvent (traditionally liquid ammonia) with an alkali metal (traditionally sodium) and a proton source (traditionally an alcohol).
The benefits of walking abound—improving heart health, sleep quality, and mood are just a few of the many pros of going for a stroll. Now, new research has found that walking could add over 10 ...
Economic methodology is the study of methods, especially the scientific method, in relation to economics, including principles underlying economic reasoning. [1] In contemporary English, 'methodology' may reference theoretical or systematic aspects of a method (or several methods).
Autorino, Mario Magaña Duarte and Laura Agosta. This is the second paper that Formar Foundation has produced on this topic. Hispanic students at school Hispanics are the largest, youngest and fastest growing minority in the United States. The group now includes 50.5 million people, accounting for 16 percent of the total population (MARTINEZ,