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The other main theory is that the uvular R originated within Germanic languages by the weakening of the alveolar R, which was replaced by an imitation of the alveolar R (vocalisation). [4] Against the "French origin" theory, it is said that there are many signs that the uvular R existed in some German dialects long before the 17th century. [4]
The French rhotic has a wide range of realizations: the voiced uvular fricative [ʁ], also realised as an approximant [ʁ̞], with a voiceless positional allophone [χ], the uvular trill [ʀ], the alveolar trill [r], and the alveolar tap [ɾ]. These are all recognised as the phoneme /r/, [5] but [r] and [ɾ] are considered dialectal.
The uvular trill [ʀ] has lately been emerging as a provincial standard, and the alveolar trill [r] was once used in informal speech in Montreal. [when?] In modern Quebec French, the voiced uvular fricative [ʁ] (though voiceless before and after voiceless consonants: treize [tʁ̥aɛ̯zə̆] ⓘ) is most common.
In many of these it has a uvular fricative (either voiced [ʁ] or voiceless [χ]) as an allophone when it follows one of the voiceless stops /p/, /t/, or /k/ at the end of a word, as in the French example maître [mɛtχ], or even a uvular approximant [ʁ̞]. As with most trills, uvular trills are often reduced to a single contact, especially ...
A partially devoiced uvular or pre-uvular (i.e. between velar and uvular) trill [ʀ̝̊] with some frication occurs as a coda allophone of /ʀ/ in the Limburgish dialects of Maastricht and Weert. [6] [7] Voiceless trills occur phonemically in e.g. Welsh and Icelandic. (See also voiceless alveolar trill, voiceless retroflex trill, voiceless ...
The standard Rs in European Portuguese, French, German, Danish, and Modern Hebrew [6]: 261 are variants of this rhotic. If fricative, the sound is often impressionistically described as harsh or grating. This includes the voiced uvular fricative, voiceless uvular fricative, and uvular trill.
In French, the only truly guttural sound is (usually) a uvular fricative (or the guttural R). In Portuguese, [ʁ] is becoming dominant in urban areas. There is also a realization as a [χ], and the original pronunciation as an [r] also remains very common in various dialects.
Most other dialects use a voiced uvular fricative , a uvular trill or an alveolar trill . See Standard German phonology. Silesian: Upper Lusatian: Greek [12] μέρα méra [ˈmɛɹɐ] 'day' Allophone of /ɾ/ in rapid or casual speech and between vowels. See Modern Greek phonology. Icelandic: bróðir [ˈprou̯ð̠˕ir] 'brother' Usually apical.