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The surface energy of a liquid may be measured by stretching a liquid membrane (which increases the surface area and hence the surface energy). In that case, in order to increase the surface area of a mass of liquid by an amount, δA, a quantity of work, γ δA, is needed (where γ is the surface energy density of the liquid).
Deformation of a thin plate highlighting the displacement, the mid-surface (red) and the normal to the mid-surface (blue) The Kirchhoff–Love theory of plates is a two-dimensional mathematical model that is used to determine the stresses and deformations in thin plates subjected to forces and moments .
On the other hand, the crack increases the total surface energy of the specimen. Compute the change in the free energy (surface energy − elastic energy) as a function of the crack length. Failure occurs when the free energy attains a peak value at a critical crack length, beyond which the free energy decreases as the crack length increases, i ...
In fracture mechanics, the energy release rate, , is the rate at which energy is transformed as a material undergoes fracture.Mathematically, the energy release rate is expressed as the decrease in total potential energy per increase in fracture surface area, [1] [2] and is thus expressed in terms of energy per unit area.
Flux F through a surface, dS is the differential vector area element, n is the unit normal to the surface. Left: No flux passes in the surface, the maximum amount flows normal to the surface. Right: The reduction in flux passing through a surface can be visualized by reduction in F or dS equivalently (resolved into components, θ is angle to ...
The yield surface of a ductile material usually changes as the material experiences increased deformation. Models for the evolution of the yield surface with increasing strain, temperature, and strain rate are used in conjunction with the above failure criteria for isotropic hardening, kinematic hardening, and viscoplasticity. Some such models are:
Deformation of a thin plate highlighting the displacement, the mid-surface (red) and the normal to the mid-surface (blue) The Kirchhoff–Love theory is an extension of Euler–Bernoulli beam theory to thin plates. The theory was developed in 1888 by Love [2] using assumptions proposed by Kirchhoff. It is assumed that a mid-surface plane can be ...
The J-integral represents a way to calculate the strain energy release rate, or work per unit fracture surface area, in a material. [1] The theoretical concept of J-integral was developed in 1967 by G. P. Cherepanov [2] and independently in 1968 by James R. Rice, [3] who showed that an energetic contour path integral (called J) was independent of the path around a crack.