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  2. Function composition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_composition

    If an airplane's altitude at time t is a(t), and the air pressure at altitude x is p(x), then (p ∘ a)(t) is the pressure around the plane at time t. Function defined on finite sets which change the order of their elements such as permutations can be composed on the same set, this being composition of permutations.

  3. Composition (combinatorics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_(combinatorics)

    In mathematics, a composition of an integer n is a way of writing n as the sum of a sequence of (strictly) positive integers.Two sequences that differ in the order of their terms define different compositions of their sum, while they are considered to define the same integer partition of that number.

  4. Polynomial decomposition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial_decomposition

    In mathematics, a polynomial decomposition expresses a polynomial f as the functional composition of polynomials g and h, where g and h have degree greater than 1; it is an algebraic functional decomposition. Algorithms are known for decomposing univariate polynomials in polynomial time.

  5. Minkowski addition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minkowski_addition

    For Minkowski addition, the zero set, {}, containing only the zero vector, 0, is an identity element: for every subset S of a vector space, S + { 0 } = S . {\displaystyle S+\{0\}=S.} The empty set is important in Minkowski addition, because the empty set annihilates every other subset: for every subset S of a vector space, its sum with the ...

  6. Decomposition of a module - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decomposition_of_a_module

    A decomposition with local endomorphism rings [5] (cf. #Azumaya's theorem): a direct sum of modules whose endomorphism rings are local rings (a ring is local if for each element x, either x or 1 − x is a unit). Serial decomposition: a direct sum of uniserial modules (a module is uniserial if the lattice of submodules is a finite chain [6]).

  7. Matrix decomposition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_decomposition

    Applicable to: square, hermitian, positive definite matrix Decomposition: =, where is upper triangular with real positive diagonal entries Comment: if the matrix is Hermitian and positive semi-definite, then it has a decomposition of the form = if the diagonal entries of are allowed to be zero

  8. Direct sum of modules - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_sum_of_modules

    (g 1, h 1) + (g 2, h 2) = (g 1 + g 2, h 1 + h 2) for g 1, g 2 in G, and h 1, h 2 in H. Integral multiples are similarly defined componentwise by n(g, h) = (ng, nh) for g in G, h in H, and n an integer. This parallels the extension of the scalar product of vector spaces to the direct sum above.

  9. Karatsuba algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karatsuba_algorithm

    We use m right shifts for decomposing the input operands using the resulting base (B m = 1000), as: 12345 = 12 · 1000 + 345 6789 = 6 · 1000 + 789. Only three multiplications, which operate on smaller integers, are used to compute three partial results: z 2 = 12 × 6 = 72 z 0 = 345 × 789 = 272205