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Such a mechanism is consistent with the predominantly anti addition (>15:1 anti:syn for the example shown) of the hydrochlorination product and the termolecular rate law, Rate = k[alkyne] [HCl] 2. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] In support of the proposed alkyne-HCl association, a T-shaped complex of an alkyne and HCl has been characterized crystallographically.
In organic chemistry, an azo coupling is an reaction between a diazonium compound (R−N≡N +) and another aromatic compound that produces an azo compound (R−N=N−R’).In this electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction, the aryldiazonium cation is the electrophile, and the activated carbon (usually from an arene, which is called coupling agent), serves as a nucleophile.
Electrophilic aromatic substitution (S E Ar) is an organic reaction in which an atom that is attached to an aromatic system (usually hydrogen) is replaced by an electrophile. Some of the most important electrophilic aromatic substitutions are aromatic nitration , aromatic halogenation , aromatic sulfonation , alkylation Friedel–Crafts ...
Other electron-deficient, sp 3 amination reagents react by similar mechanisms to give substitution products. [3] In aminations involving oxaziridines, nucleophilic attack takes place on the nitrogen atom of the three-membered ring. For some substrates (α-cyano ketones, for example), the resulting alkoxide reacts further to afford unexpected ...
In organic chemistry, an electrophilic addition (A E) reaction is an addition reaction where a chemical compound containing a double or triple bond has a π bond broken, with the formation of two new σ bonds. [1] The driving force for this reaction is the formation of an electrophile X + that forms a covalent bond with an electron-rich ...
The mechanism of the Stille reaction has been extensively studied. [11] [23] The catalytic cycle involves an oxidative addition of a halide or pseudohalide (2) to a palladium catalyst (1), transmetalation of 3 with an organotin reagent (4), and reductive elimination of 5 to yield the coupled product (7) and the regenerated palladium catalyst (1).
For example, cyanide is a key catalyst in the benzoin condensation, a classical example of polarity inversion. Mechanism of the benzoin condensation The net result of the benzoin reaction is that a bond has been formed between two carbons that are normally electrophiles.
Cross electrophile coupling is a type of cross-coupling reaction that occurs between two electrophiles. It is often catalyzed by transition metal catalyst(s). Unlike conventional cross-coupling reactions of an electrophile with an organometallic reagent, [1] the coupling partners in cross electrophile coupling reactions are both electrophiles. [2]