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Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy including radioactive iodine, chemotherapy, thyroid hormone, targeted therapy, and watchful waiting. [1] Surgery may involve removing part or all of the thyroid. [4] Five-year survival rates are 98% in the United States. [5] Globally as of 2015, 3.2 million people have thyroid cancer. [6]
Iodine-125 (125 I) is a radioisotope of iodine which has uses in biological assays, nuclear medicine imaging and in radiation therapy as brachytherapy to treat a number of conditions, including prostate cancer, uveal melanomas, and brain tumors. It is the second longest-lived radioisotope of iodine, after iodine-129.
Contrast CT of a patient with brain metastases from breast cancer, before (left) and after (right) injection of iodinated contrast.. Iodinated contrast is a form of water-soluble, intravenous radiocontrast agent containing iodine, which enhances the visibility of vascular structures and organs during radiographic procedures.
After surgery or radiation therapy, PSA may start to rise again, which is called biochemical recurrence if a certain threshold is met in PSA levels (typically 0.1 or 0.2 ng/ml for surgery). At 10 years of follow-up after surgery, there is an overall risk of biochemical recurrence of 30–50%, depending on the initial risk state, and salvage ...
Another well-known radioactive isotope used in medicine is Iodine-131, which is used as a radioactive label for some radiopharmaceutical therapies or the treatment of some types of thyroid cancer. [2]
Toxic multinodular goiter can be treated with antithyroid medications such as propylthiouracil or methimazole, radioactive iodine, or with surgery. [5] Another treatment option is injection of ethanol into the nodules. [9] A Cochrane review compared treatments using recombinant human thyrotropin-aided radioactive iodine to radioactive iodine ...
Most men can return to work or normal daily activities within a few days. LDR brachytherapy has fewer side-effects with less risk of incontinence or impotence than other treatment options. [7] It is a popular alternative to major surgery (conventional radical prostatectomy or laparoscopic (keyhole surgery) radical prostatectomy). [citation needed]
Variability also exists between treatment and non-treatment groups in the use of radio-iodine and post-treatment thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) suppression and treatment techniques between and within retrospective studies. Some recent studies have indicated that EBRT may be promising, though the number of patients studies has been small. [12]