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  2. Backward design - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_design

    Ralph W. Tyler introduced the idea of "backward design" (without using this particular term) in 1949 when referring to a statement of objectives.A statement of objectives is used to indicate the kinds of changes in the student to be brought about so that instructional activities can be planned and developed in a way likely to attain these objectives.

  3. Problem solving - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_solving

    Problem solving is the process of achieving a goal by overcoming obstacles, a frequent part of most activities. Problems in need of solutions range from simple personal tasks (e.g. how to turn on an appliance) to complex issues in business and technical fields.

  4. Thinking outside the box - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinking_outside_the_box

    Thinking outside the box (also thinking out of the box [1] [2] or thinking beyond the box and, especially in Australia, thinking outside the square [3]) is an idiom that means to think differently, unconventionally, or from a new perspective. The phrase also often refers to novel or creative thinking.

  5. Analysis paralysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis_paralysis

    Analysis paralysis is a critical problem in athletics. It can be explained in simple terms as "failure to react in response to overthought". A victim of sporting analysis paralysis will frequently think in complicated terms of "what to do next" while contemplating the variety of possibilities, and in doing so exhausts the available time in which to act.

  6. Stepwise regression - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepwise_regression

    The main approaches for stepwise regression are: Forward selection, which involves starting with no variables in the model, testing the addition of each variable using a chosen model fit criterion, adding the variable (if any) whose inclusion gives the most statistically significant improvement of the fit, and repeating this process until none improves the model to a statistically significant ...

  7. Backward induction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_induction

    For example, Player 2 would choose "Joker" for the first subgame in the next iteration because a payoff of 11 ending in (9, 11) is greater than "Terminator" with a payoff of 6 at (6, 6). Player 1, at the initial node, would select "Terminator" because it offers a higher payoff of 11 at (11, 9) than Joker, which has a reward of 9 at (9, 11).

  8. Proportional reasoning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_reasoning

    In Piaget's model of intellectual development, the fourth and final stage is the formal operational stage.In the classic book "The Growth of Logical Thinking from Childhood to Adolescence" by Jean Piaget and Bärbel Inhelder formal operational reasoning takes many forms, including propositional reasoning, deductive logic, separation and control of variables, combinatorial reasoning, and ...

  9. Glossary of mathematical jargon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_mathematical...

    Depending on authors, the term "maps" or the term "functions" may be reserved for specific kinds of functions or morphisms (e.g., function as an analytic term and map as a general term). mathematics See mathematics. multivalued A "multivalued function” from a set A to a set B is a function from A to the subsets of B.