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The English police: A political and social history (2014). Lyman, J.L. "The Metropolitan Police Act of 1829: An Analysis of Certain Events Influencing the Passage and Character of the Metropolitan Police Act in England," Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science (1964) 55#1 pp. 141–154 online; Taylor, James.
The history of law enforcement in the United States includes many efforts at police reform. Early efforts at police reform often involved external commissions, such as the Wickersham Commission, that spelled out reforms but left to the police to implement them, often with limited success. [6]
First attested in English in the early 15th century, originally in a range of senses encompassing '(public) policy; state; public order', the word police comes from Middle French police ('public order, administration, government'), [10] in turn from Latin politia, [11] which is the romanization of the Ancient Greek πολιτεία (politeia) 'citizenship, administration, civil polity'. [12]
Among the largest questions remaining about the Department of Justice's civil probe into the city's police department is the reason it began.
According to a study in a book by James Q. Wilson (Varieties of Police Behavior, 1968, 1978, Harvard University Press), there were three distinct types of policing developed in his study of eight communities. Each style emphasized different police functions and was linked to specific characteristics of the community the department served.
Newark Advocate history columnist Doug Stout of the Licking County Library tells the story of the city's first police marshal who started in 1835.
The Los Angeles Police Department operated an emergency hospital for 102 years, near downtown central Los Angeles. It was called the Central Receiving Hospital, and was always in a police building that also housed other police functions, until 1957 when it was moved to a purpose-built police building. It existed from 1868 to 1970.
The Dutch Police history starts in 1581, with the formation of the Dutch Republic.A simple police organization was created without clear tasks and powers. This stayed the same until 1810, when Napoleon annexed the Netherlands to the French Empire and started to set up a proper police force.