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In uniform scaling with a non-zero scale factor, all non-zero vectors retain their direction (as seen from the origin), or all have the direction reversed, depending on the sign of the scaling factor. In non-uniform scaling only the vectors that belong to an eigenspace will retain their direction. A vector that is the sum of two or more non ...
In contrast, angles and ratios are not invariant under non-uniform scaling (such as stretching). The sum of a triangle's interior angles (180°) is invariant under all the above operations. As another example, all circles are similar: they can be transformed into each other and the ratio of the circumference to the diameter is invariant ...
Scaling (geometry) a similar notion in vector spaces Homothetic center , the center of a homothetic transformation taking one of a pair of shapes into the other The Hadwiger conjecture on the number of strictly smaller homothetic copies of a convex body that may be needed to cover it
In some physical systems, the term scaling is used interchangeably with nondimensionalization, in order to suggest that certain quantities are better measured relative to some appropriate unit. These units refer to quantities intrinsic to the system, rather than units such as SI units.
Scaling of Navier–Stokes equation refers to the process of selecting the proper spatial scales – for a certain type of flow – to be used in the non-dimensionalization of the equation. Since the resulting equations need to be dimensionless, a suitable combination of parameters and constants of the equations and flow (domain ...
Scale analysis is very useful and widely used tool for solving problems in the area of heat transfer and fluid mechanics, pressure-driven wall jet, separating flows behind backward-facing steps, jet diffusion flames, study of linear and non-linear dynamics. Scale analysis is an effective shortcut for obtaining approximate solutions to equations ...
A quasi-isometry is a map that preserves the "large-scale structure" of a metric space. Quasi-isometries need not be continuous. Quasi-isometries need not be continuous. For example, R 2 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2}} and its subspace Z 2 {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} ^{2}} are quasi-isometric, even though one is connected and the other is discrete.
The simplest of these is called elliptic geometry and it is considered a non-Euclidean geometry due to its lack of parallel lines. [12] By formulating the geometry in terms of a curvature tensor, Riemann allowed non-Euclidean geometry to apply to higher dimensions. Beltrami (1868) was the first to apply Riemann's geometry to spaces of negative ...