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Medications are used to reverse the symptoms of extrapyramidal side effects caused by antipsychotics or other drugs, by either directly or indirectly increasing dopaminergic neurotransmission. The treatment varies by the type of the EPS, but may involve anticholinergic agents such as procyclidine, benztropine, diphenhydramine, and trihexyphenidyl.
Recently, the procedure of deep brain stimulation (DBS) has proven successful in a number of cases of severe generalised dystonia. [43] DBS as treatment for medication-refractory dystonia, on the other hand, may increase the risk of suicide in patients. However, reference data of patients without DBS therapy are lacking. [44]
Oculogyric crisis (OGC) is a rare sudden, paroxysmal, dystonic reaction that may manifest in response to specific drugs, particularly neuroleptics, or medical conditions, such as movement disorders. This neurological phenomenon is characterized by a sustained dystonic, conjugate, involuntary upward deviation of both eyes lasting seconds to hours.
Biperiden is also commonly used to improve acute extrapyramidal side effects related to antipsychotic drug therapy, such as akathisia. It relieves muscle rigidity , reduces abnormal sweating related with clozapine and methadone use [ 9 ] [ 10 ] and salivation , improves abnormal gait , and to lesser extent, tremor .
Status dystonicus, also known as dystonic storm, is a serious and potentially life-threatening disorder which occurs in people who have primary or secondary dystonia. Symptoms consist of widespread severe muscle contractions.
Dystonic reactions may be treated with benzatropine, diphenhydramine, trihexyphenidyl, or procyclidine. Symptoms usually subside with intramuscularly injected diphenhydramine. [4] Agents in the benzodiazepine class of drugs may be helpful, but benefits are usually modest, and the side effects of sedation and weakness can be problematic. [28]
The recommended dose of Tylenol for adults is 325 to 650 milligrams every four to six hours. You should not have more than 3,000 to 4,000 milligrams of Tylenol in a span of 24 hours, recommends Walia.
Diphenhydramine is effective in the treatment of allergies. [22] As of 2007 [update] , it was the most commonly used antihistamine for acute allergic reactions in the emergency department. [ 23 ]