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The olfactory mucosa is the neuroepithelial mucosa [1] lining the roof and upper parts of the septum and lateral wall of the nasal cavity [1] [2] which contains bipolar neurons of the primary receptor neurons of the olfactory pathway, as well as supporting cells.
Olfactory glands, also known as Bowman's glands, are a type of nasal gland situated in the part of the olfactory mucosa beneath the olfactory epithelium, that is the lamina propria, a connective tissue also containing fibroblasts, blood vessels and bundles of fine axons from the olfactory neurons.
CCL28 has also been implicated in the migration of IgA-expressing cells to the mammary gland, [9] salivary gland, intestine [10] and other mucosal tissues. [11] It has also been shown as a potential antimicrobial agent effective against certain pathogens, such as Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria and the fungus Candida albicans .
The olfactory nerve zone is composed of preterminals and terminals of the olfactory nerve and is where the olfactory receptor cells make synapses on their targets. [2] The non-olfactory nerve zone is composed of the dendritic processes of intrinsic neurons and is where dendrodendritic interactions between intrinsic neurons occur. [2]
Neurologists have observed that olfactory dysfunction is a cardinal feature of several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Most of these patients are unaware of an olfactory deficit until after testing where 85% to 90% of early-stage patients showed decreased activity in central odor processing ...
Transmembrane protein 59 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM59 gene. [5] [6]TMEM59 is a membrane bound protein that is localized to the Golgi apparatus. [7] The precise function of TMEM59 is not known, however it has been demonstrated that expression of TMEM59 protein inhibits Golgi glycosylation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and blocks APP cleavage by the α- and β ...
In the kidney, the macula densa is an area of closely packed specialized cells lining the wall of the distal tubule where it touches the glomerulus.Specifically, the macula densa is found in the terminal portion of the distal straight tubule (thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle), after which the distal convoluted tubule begins.
This illustration demonstrates the normal kidney physiology, including the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT), Loop of Henle, and Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT). It also includes illustrations showing where some types of diuretics act, and what they do. Renal physiology (Latin renes, "kidneys") is the study of the physiology of the kidney.