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Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, also known as total anomalous pulmonary venous return, is a rare cyanotic congenital heart defect in which the pulmonary veins drain into the right side of the heart instead of the left, as is usually seen. This can happen within the heart (intracardiac) where it drains into the coronary sinus or ...
Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) is a rare form of pulmonary hypertension caused by progressive blockage of the small veins in the lungs. [2] The blockage leads to high blood pressures in the arteries of the lungs, which, in turn, leads to heart failure .
A defect in the perfusion images requires a mismatched ventilation defect to indicate pulmonary embolism. [ 8 ] In the ventilation phase of the test, a gaseous radionuclides such as xenon-133 , krypton-81m , or technetium-99m DTPA in an aerosol form is inhaled by the patient through a mouthpiece or mask that covers the nose and mouth. [ 10 ]
Pulmonary hypertension is defined as a mean PAP of at least 20 mm Hg (3300 Pa) at rest, and PAH is defined as precapillary pulmonary hypertension (i.e. mean PAP ≥ 20 mm Hg with pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure [PAOP] ≤ 15 mm Hg and pulmonary vascular resistance [PVR] > 3 Wood Units). [58]
Chest x-ray of a five-year-old girl with Scimitar syndrome. The heart (blue outline) is shifted into the right half of the chest, and the anomalous pulmonary venous return (red) has a shape reminiscent of a Scimitar. The diagnosis is made by transthoracic or transesophageal echocardiography [citation needed] and selective pulmonary angiography. [5]
Pulmonary edema has multiple causes and is traditionally classified as cardiogenic (caused by the heart) or noncardiogenic (all other types not caused by the heart). [2] [3] Various laboratory tests (CBC, troponin, BNP, etc.) and imaging studies (chest x-ray, CT scan, ultrasound) are often used to diagnose and classify the cause of pulmonary edema.
He described chest X-rays with edema and non-specific changes on EKG. Even though these cases had been termed high altitude pneumonia in the past, Houston indicated that these cases were “acute pulmonary edema without heart disease”. [25]
The chest x-ray may show pulmonary hyperaemia in the case of pulmonary hypertension, and pulmonary oligemia in pulmonary stenosis. Pulmonary hypertension is also associated with chronic lung disease. Coarctation of the aorta presents with a significant difference in blood pressure between the upper and lower limbs, a systolic murmur or ...