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To enter the cells, proteins on the surface of the virus interact with proteins of the cell. Attachment, or adsorption, occurs between the viral particle and the host cell membrane. A hole forms in the cell membrane, then the virus particle or its genetic contents are released into the host cell, where replication of the viral genome may commence.
How a virus enters a cell is different depending on the type of virus it is. A virus with a nonenveloped capsid enters the cell by attaching to the attachment factor located on a host cell. It then enters the cell by endocytosis or by making a hole in the membrane of the host cell and inserting its viral genome. [2]
Once inside host cells, viruses can destroy cells through a variety of mechanisms. Viruses often induce direct cytopathic effects to disrupt cellular functions. [11] [18] This could be through releasing enzymes to degrade host metabolic precursors, or releasing proteins that inhibit the synthesis of important host factors, proteins, DNA and/or ...
Entry, or penetration, is the second step in viral replication. This step is characterized by the virus passing through the plasma membrane of the host cell. The most common way a virus gains entry to the host cell is by receptor-mediated endocytosis, which comes at no energy cost to the virus, only the host cell. Receptor-mediated endocytosis ...
Viruses, however, use a completely different mechanism to cause disease. Upon entry into the host, they can do one of two things. Many times, viral pathogens enter the lytic cycle; this is when the virus inserts its DNA or RNA into the host cell, replicates, and eventually causes the cell to lyse, releasing more viruses into the environment.
All the viruses that were contained within the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane are then released into the intercellular matrix to infect neighboring cells to continue the viral life cycle. White blood cells surround and consume the virus using a mechanism known as phagocytosis [2] (a type of endocytosis) [3] within the extracellular matrix ...
A virus can induce changes in composition and organization of host cell cytoskeletal and membrane compartments, depending on the step of the viral replication cycle. [1] This process involves a number of complex interactions and signaling events between viral and host cell factors.
There are a number of steps in the life cycle 1. Adsorption to the host via specific receptor(s) 2. Movement of the viral DNA into the host cell 3. Conversion of the single strand form to a double-stranded intermediate This is known as the replicative form I. 4. Transcription of early genes 5. Replication of the viral genome