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Bipolar electrochemistry scheme. In electrochemistry, standard electrode potential, or , is a measure of the reducing power of any element or compound.The IUPAC "Gold Book" defines it as; "the value of the standard emf (electromotive force) of a cell in which molecular hydrogen under standard pressure is oxidized to solvated protons at the left-hand electrode".
A galvanic cell consists of two half-cells, such that the electrode of one half-cell is composed of metal A, and the electrode of the other half-cell is composed of metal B; the redox reactions for the two separate half-cells are thus: A n + + n e − ⇌ A B m + + m e − ⇌ B. The overall balanced reaction is: m A + n B m + ⇌ n B + m A n +
Bioelectromagnetics, also known as bioelectromagnetism, is the study of the interaction between electromagnetic fields and biological entities. Areas of study include electromagnetic fields produced by living cells, tissues or organisms, the effects of man-made sources of electromagnetic fields like mobile phones, and the application of electromagnetic radiation toward therapies for the ...
The emf of the cell at zero current is the maximum possible emf. It can be used to calculate the maximum possible electrical energy that could be obtained from a chemical reaction . This energy is referred to as electrical work and is expressed by the following equation:
Higher cell potentials are possible with cells using other solvents instead of water. For instance, lithium cells with a voltage of 3 volts are commonly available. [citation needed] The cell potential depends on the concentration of the reactants, as well as their type. As the cell is discharged, the concentration of the reactants decreases and ...
In electrochemistry, the Nernst equation is a chemical thermodynamical relationship that permits the calculation of the reduction potential of a reaction (half-cell or full cell reaction) from the standard electrode potential, absolute temperature, the number of electrons involved in the redox reaction, and activities (often approximated by concentrations) of the chemical species undergoing ...
Therefore, emf is expressed as = (+) where is emf and v is the unit charge velocity. In a macroscopic view, for charges on a segment of the loop, v consists of two components in average; one is the velocity of the charge along the segment v t , and the other is the velocity of the segment v l (the loop is deformed or moved).
Solar cell output voltage for two light-induced currents I L expressed as a ratio to the reverse saturation current I 0 [52] and using a fixed ideality factor m of 2. [53] Their emf is the voltage at their y-axis intercept. Solving the illuminated diode's above simplified current–voltage relationship for output voltage yields: