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As such, a DataFrame can be thought of as having two indices: one column-based and one row-based. Because column names are stored as an index, these are not required to be unique. [9]: 103–105 If data is a Series, then data['a'] returns all values with the index value of a. However, if data is a DataFrame, then data['a'] returns all values in ...
LZ77 and LZ78 are the two lossless data compression algorithms published in papers by Abraham Lempel and Jacob Ziv in 1977 [1] and 1978. [2] They are also known as Lempel-Ziv 1 (LZ1) and Lempel-Ziv 2 (LZ2) respectively. [3] These two algorithms form the basis for many variations including LZW, LZSS, LZMA and others.
Context-based range decoding is invoked by the LZMA algorithm passing it a reference to the "context", which consists of the unsigned 11-bit variable prob (typically implemented using a 16-bit data type) representing the predicted probability of the bit being 0, which is read and updated by the range decoder (and should be initialized to ...
Zero-inflated models are commonly used in the analysis of count data, such as the number of visits a patient makes to the emergency room in one year, or the number of fish caught in one day in one lake. [1] Count data can take values of 0, 1, 2, … (non-negative integer values). [2]
A popular window function, the Hann window.Most popular window functions are similar bell-shaped curves. In signal processing and statistics, a window function (also known as an apodization function or tapering function [1]) is a mathematical function that is zero-valued outside of some chosen interval.
In statistics, bivariate data is data on each of two variables, where each value of one of the variables is paired with a value of the other variable. [1] It is a specific but very common case of multivariate data. The association can be studied via a tabular or graphical display, or via sample statistics which might be used for inference.
Individual frames are then "minor frames" within that superframe. Each frame contains a subframe ID (often a simple counter) which identifies its position within the superframe. A second frame synchronizer establishes superframe synchronization. This allows subcommutation, where some data is sent less frequently than every frame.
The .ZIP file format was designed by Phil Katz of PKWARE and Gary Conway of Infinity Design Concepts. The format was created after Systems Enhancement Associates (SEA) filed a lawsuit against PKWARE claiming that the latter's archiving products, named PKARC, were derivatives of SEA's ARC archiving system. [3]