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Historically, assessment of bilingual children would only measure proficiency in one of their languages. In more recent research, linguists and educators have identified this design flaw. It can be concluded that most bilingual children achieve phonological, lexical, and grammatical milestones at the same rate as monolingual children.
A bilingual individual's initial exposure to both languages may start in early childhood, e.g. before age 3, [5] but exposure may also begin later in life, in monolingual or bilingual education. Equal proficiency in a bilingual individuals' languages is rarely seen as it typically varies by domain. [6] For example, a bilingual individual may ...
Cultural safety is the effective nursing practice of nursing a person or family from another culture; it is determined by that person or family. [1] [need quotation to verify] It developed in New Zealand, with origins in nursing education. An unsafe cultural practice is defined as an action which demeans the cultural identity of a particular ...
Neuroscience of multilingualism is the study of multilingualism within the field of neurology.These studies include the representation of different language systems in the brain, the effects of multilingualism on the brain's structural plasticity, aphasia in multilingual individuals, and bimodal bilinguals (people who can speak at least one sign language and at least one oral language).
Several observed outcomes of bilingual education are the transfer of academic and conceptual knowledge across both languages, greater success in programs that emphasize biliteracy as well as bilingualism, and better developed second-language (L2) literary skills for minority students than if they received a monolingual education in the majority ...
Bilingual education can also support minority language speakers by communicating the value of their home or heritage language, resulting in increased self-esteem. [22] [23] Additionally, bilingual education models have been shown to improve student engagement and attendance as parent involvement in school activities. [24] [25]
Portales was a case that dictated when a "substantial group" of students with limited English proficiency was present, bilingual education was required. [20] Aspira v. N.Y. Board of Education required testing for students in English and their native language in order to understand if they should receive additional services and bilingual education.
The architecture of the bilingual method is best understood as a traditional three-phase structure of presentation – practice – production.A lesson cycle starts out with the reproduction of a dialogue, moves on to the oral variation and recombination of the dialogue sentences, and ends up with an extended application stage reserved for message-oriented communication. [1]