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However, while this was scientifically a success, [13] the experiment in practice produced less than 1% of the energy the facility used to create it: [14] while 3.15 MJ of energy was yielded from 2.05 MJ input, [15] the lasers delivering the 2.05 MJ of energy took about 300 MJ to produce in the facility.
kT (also written as k B T) is the product of the Boltzmann constant, k (or k B), and the temperature, T.This product is used in physics as a scale factor for energy values in molecular-scale systems (sometimes it is used as a unit of energy), as the rates and frequencies of many processes and phenomena depend not on their energy alone, but on the ratio of that energy and kT, that is, on E ...
Energy released in 1 day by an average hurricane in producing rain (400 times greater than the wind energy) [179] 6.4×10 19 J: Yearly electricity consumption of the world as of 2008 [206] [207] 6.8×10 19 J: Yearly electricity generation of the world as of 2008 [206] [208] 10 20 1.4×10 20 J
The explosion of the Ivy Mike hydrogen bomb. The hydrogen bomb was the first device able to achieve fusion energy gain factor significantly larger than 1.. A fusion energy gain factor, usually expressed with the symbol Q, is the ratio of fusion power produced in a nuclear fusion reactor to the power required to maintain the plasma in steady state.
The first kind of muon–catalyzed fusion to be observed experimentally, by L.W. Alvarez et al., [6] was protium (H or 1 H 1) and deuterium (D or 1 H 2) muon-catalyzed fusion. The fusion rate for p–d (or pd) muon-catalyzed fusion has been estimated to be about a million times slower than the fusion rate for d–t muon-catalyzed fusion. [7 ...
As originally formulated, the Lawson criterion gives a minimum required value for the product of the plasma (electron) density n e and the "energy confinement time" that leads to net energy output. Later analysis suggested that a more useful figure of merit is the triple product of density, confinement time, and plasma temperature T .
In the case of degenerate energy levels, we can write the partition function in terms of the contribution from energy levels (indexed by j) as follows: =, where g j is the degeneracy factor, or number of quantum states s that have the same energy level defined by E j = E s.
6 H 2 O + 6 CO 2 + energy → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 where C 6 H 12 O 6 is glucose (which is subsequently transformed into other sugars , starches , cellulose , lignin , and so forth). The value of the photosynthetic efficiency is dependent on how light energy is defined – it depends on whether we count only the light that is absorbed, and on ...