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Insulin glargine sold under the brand name Lantus among others is a long-acting modified form of medical insulin, used in the management of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. [7] It is injected just under the skin . [ 7 ]
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The unit of insulin was set by the insulin committee at the University of Toronto. [53] The unit evolved eventually to the old USP insulin unit, where one unit (U) of insulin was set equal to the amount of insulin required to reduce the concentration of blood glucose in a fasting rabbit to 45 m g/d L (2.5 m mol/L). Once the chemical structure ...
Many insulin analogs and GLP-1 agonists for diabetes treatment are available as injector pens. [2] As with insulin vials, some insulin pens are made with higher concentrations including U-200, U-300, and U-500. Different concentration insulin products may not have the same pharmacokinetic properties as other strengths. [10]
The blood insulin level can be measured in international units, such as μIU/mL or in molar concentration, such as pmol/L, where 1 μIU/mL equals 6.945 pmol/L. [64] A typical blood level between meals is 8–11 μIU/mL (57–79 pmol/L). [65]
The dilution of insulin is such that 1 mL of insulin fluid has 100 standard "units" of insulin. [6] A typical insulin vial may contain 10 mL, for 1000 units. Insulin syringes are made specifically for a patient to inject themselves, and have features to assist this purpose when compared to a syringe for use by a healthcare professional:
Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes. Treatments include agents that (1) increase the amount of insulin secreted by the pancreas, (2) increase the sensitivity of target organs to insulin, (3) decrease the rate at which glucose is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, and (4) increase the loss of glucose through urination.
Many people reported problems when being switched to intermediate acting insulins in the 1980s, using NPH formulations of porcine/bovine insulins. Basal (long-acting) insulin analogs were subsequently developed and introduced into clinical practice to achieve more predictable absorption profiles and clinical efficacy. [12] [13] [14]