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Business performance management (BPM) (also known as corporate performance management (CPM) [2] enterprise performance management (EPM), [3] [4] organizational performance management, or performance management) is a management approach which encompasses a set of processes and analytical tools to ensure that an organization's activities and output are aligned with its goals.
Performance is an abstract concept and must be represented by concrete, measurable goals or objectives. For example, baseball athlete performance is abstract as it covers many different types of activities. Batting average is a concrete measure of a particular performance attribute for a particular game role, batting, for the game of baseball.
Andrew Grove popularised the concept of OKR during his tenure at Intel in the 1970s. [5] He later documented OKR in his 1983 book High Output Management. [6]In 1975, John Doerr, at the time a salesperson working for Intel, attended a course within Intel taught by Grove where he was introduced to the theory of OKRs, then called "iMBOs" ("Intel Management by Objectives").
The plan–do–check–act cycle. PDCA or plan–do–check–act (sometimes called plan–do–check–adjust) is an iterative design and management method used in business for the control and continual improvement of processes and products. [1] It is also known as the Shewhart cycle, or the control circle/cycle.
The plan–do–check–act cycle is an example of a continual improvement process The PDCA (plan, do, check, act) or (plan, do, check, adjust) cycle supports continuous improvement and kaizen. It provides a process for improvement which can be used since the early design (planning) stage of any process, system, product or service.
Hoshin Kanri (Japanese: 方針管理, "policy management") [1] is a 7-step process used in strategic planning in which strategic goals are communicated throughout the company and then put into action. [2] [3] The Hoshin Kanri strategic planning system originated from post-war Japan, but has since spread to the U.S. and around the world.
Management by objectives (MBO), also known as management by planning (MBP), was first popularized by Peter Drucker in his 1954 book The Practice of Management. [1] Management by objectives is the process of defining specific objectives within an organization that management can convey to organization members, then deciding how to achieve each objective in sequence.
This is the least effective of the four strategies. It is without direction or focus. Miles, Snow et al. (1978) have identified three reasons why organizations become reactors: Top management may not have clearly articulated the organization's strategy. Management does not fully shape the organization's structure and processes to fit a chosen ...