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  2. Weathering - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weathering

    Frost weathering is the collective name for those forms of physical weathering that are caused by the formation of ice within rock outcrops. It was long believed that the most important of these is frost wedging , which is the widening of cracks or joints in rocks resulting from the expansion of porewater when it freezes.

  3. Saprolite - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saprolite

    Conditions for the formation of deeply weathered regolith include a topographically moderate relief flat enough to prevent erosion and to allow leaching of the products of chemical weathering. A second condition is long periods of tectonic stability; tectonic activity and climate change can cause erosion.

  4. Soil formation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_formation

    The grazing activity of these ecosystem engineers disrupts the limestone, resulting in the weathering and the subsequent formation of soil. [113] They have a significant effect on the region: the population of snails is estimated to process between 0.7 and 1.1 metric ton per hectare per year of limestone in the Negev desert. [113]

  5. Hoodoo (geology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoodoo_(geology)

    Typically, hoodoos form from weathering processes that continuously work together in eroding the edges of a rock formation known as a fin. For example, the primary weathering force at Bryce Canyon is frost wedging. The hoodoos at Bryce Canyon experience more than 200 freeze-thaw cycles each year.

  6. Carbonate–silicate cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate–silicate_cycle

    This figure describes the geological aspects and processes of the carbonate silicate cycle, within the long-term carbon cycle. The carbonate–silicate geochemical cycle, also known as the inorganic carbon cycle, describes the long-term transformation of silicate rocks to carbonate rocks by weathering and sedimentation, and the transformation of carbonate rocks back into silicate rocks by ...

  7. Frost weathering - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost_weathering

    Frost weathering is a collective term for several mechanical weathering processes induced by stresses created by the freezing of water into ice. The term serves as an umbrella term for a variety of processes, such as frost shattering, frost wedging, and cryofracturing.

  8. Joint (geology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_(geology)

    Joints have a profound control on weathering and erosion of bedrock. As a result, they exert a strong control on how topography and morphology of landscapes develop. Understanding the local and regional distribution, physical character, and origin of joints is a significant part of understanding the geology and geomorphology of an area.

  9. Mesa - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa

    Mesas form by weathering and erosion of horizontally layered rocks that have been uplifted by tectonic activity. Variations in the ability of different types of rock to resist weathering and erosion cause the weaker types of rocks to be eroded away, leaving the more resistant types of rocks topographically higher than their surroundings. [11]

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