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This 50% cost is a fitness disadvantage of sexual reproduction. [14] The two-fold cost of sex includes this cost and the fact that any organism can only pass on 50% of its own genes to its offspring. However, one definite advantage of sexual reproduction is that it increases genetic diversity and impedes the accumulation of harmful genetic ...
In addition to the transcriptional patterns of a and α cells, haploid cells of both mating types share a haploid transcriptional pattern which activates haploid-specific genes (such as HO) and represses diploid-specific genes (such as IME1). [15] Conversely, diploid cells activate diploid-specific genes and repress haploid-specific genes. [16]
Seminal vesiculitis (also known as spermatocystitis) is an inflammation of the seminal vesicles, most often caused by bacterial infection. [15] Symptoms can include vague back or lower abdominal pain; pain of the penis, scrotum or peritoneum; painful ejaculation; blood in the semen on ejaculation; irritative and obstructive voiding symptoms ...
In biology, electrochemical gradients allow cells to control the direction ions move across membranes. In mitochondria and chloroplasts, proton gradients generate a chemiosmotic potential used to synthesize ATP, [1] and the sodium-potassium gradient helps neural synapses quickly transmit information. [citation needed]
A close relationship has been shown between Discicristata and Jakobida, [15] the latter having tubular cristae like most other protists, and hence were united under the taxon name Discoba, which was proposed for this supposedly monophyletic group. [1] Alternatively, the clade has been termed the jakobid, euglenazoan and heterolobosean group JEH ...
A proton pump is an integral membrane protein pump that builds up a proton gradient across a biological membrane.Proton pumps catalyze the following reaction: H + [on one side of a biological membrane] + energy ⇌ H +
Structure of the trp operon. The trp operon is a group of genes that are transcribed together, encoding the enzymes that produce the amino acid tryptophan in bacteria. The trp operon was first characterized in Escherichia coli, and it has since been discovered in many other bacteria. [1]
Muscarine mimics the function of the natural neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the muscarinic part of the cholinergic nervous system, despite the less flexible structure due to the five-membered ring in the molecular skeleton.