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The southern route dispersal is primarily linked to the Initial Upper Paleolithic expansion of modern humans and "ascribed to a population movement with uniform genetic features and material culture" (Ancient East Eurasians), which was the major source for the peopling of the Asia–Pacific region.
Tucker, Dave (July 2010), "Whidbey Island glacial deposits", Northwest Geology Field Trips "Whidbey Island: Glacial erratics", Western Geo Hikes, January 29, 2008, archived from the original on 2015-06-10; Whidbey Island Glaciation (ESS 210) (PDF) (Field trip handbook), University of Washington Department of Earth and Space Sciences
Pleistocene marine deposits are found primarily in shallow marine basins mostly (but with important exceptions) in areas within a few tens of kilometres of the modern shoreline. In a few geologically active areas such as the Southern California coast, Pleistocene marine deposits may be found at elevations of several hundred metres.
Until the early 1980s, early humans were thought to have been restricted to the African continent in the Early Pleistocene, or until about 0.8 Ma; Hominin migrations outside East Africa were apparently rare in the Early Pleistocene, leaving a fragmentary record of events. [4] [5]
The most archaic human fossils from the Middle Pleistocene (780,000–125,000 years ago) [18] have been found in Europe. Remains of Homo heidelbergensis have been found as far north as the Atapuerca Mountains in Gran Dolina, Spain, and the oldest specimens can be dated from 850,000 to 200,000 years ago. [19] [20]
Both groups started evolving in the Lower Paleocene, possibly from condylarth stock, diversified, dwindled before the great interchange, and went extinct at the end of the Pleistocene. The pyrotheres and astrapotheres were also strange, but were less diverse and disappeared earlier, well before the interchange.
Research shows that a distance of 50 meters is an important constraint on the effective dispersal and gene flow for fairy shrimp. [11] Isolation by distance also occurs as a result of competition between species: spatial segregation may be due to the negative impact of a species' activity on another one. [12]
The Pleistocene limestones of the Florida Keys are rich in fossils. [17] The Pleistocene is the epoch of time best represented in Florida's fossil record. [10] In fact, Florida's Pleistocene sediments are regarded as the best source of Pleistocene fossils in the world, especially for the mammals of that age. [4]