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A relation that is functional and total. For example, the red and green relations in the diagram are functions, but the blue and black ones are not. An injection [d] A function that is injective. For example, the green relation in the diagram is an injection, but the red, blue and black ones are not. A surjection [d] A function that is surjective.
Functional programming is the programming paradigm consisting of building programs by using only subroutines that behave like mathematical functions. For example, if_then_else is a function that takes three functions as arguments, and, depending on the result of the first function (true or false), returns the result of either the second or the ...
For example, in most systems of logic (but not in intuitionistic logic) Peirce's law (((P→Q)→P)→P) is a theorem. For classical logic, it can be easily verified with a truth table . The study of mathematical proof is particularly important in logic, and has accumulated to automated theorem proving and formal verification of software.
For example, the dihedral group D 8 of order sixteen can be generated by a rotation, r, of order 8; and a flip, f, of order 2; and certainly any element of D 8 is a product of r ' s and f ' s. However, we have, for example, rfr = f −1, r 7 = r −1, etc., so such products are not unique in D 8. Each such product equivalence can be expressed ...
Nowhere continuous function: is not continuous at any point of its domain; for example, the Dirichlet function. Homeomorphism: is a bijective function that is also continuous, and whose inverse is continuous. Open function: maps open sets to open sets. Closed function: maps closed sets to closed sets.
A differential equation is an equation involving an unknown function and its derivatives. In a dynamical system , a fixed rule describes the time dependence of a point in a geometrical space. The mathematical models used to describe the swinging of a clock pendulum, the flow of water in a pipe, or the number of fish each spring in a lake are ...
Thomae's function: is a function that is continuous at all irrational numbers and discontinuous at all rational numbers. It is also a modification of Dirichlet function and sometimes called Riemann function. Kronecker delta function: is a function of two variables, usually integers, which is 1 if they are equal, and 0 otherwise.
This article lists mathematical properties and laws of sets, involving the set-theoretic operations of union, intersection, and complementation and the relations of set equality and set inclusion. It also provides systematic procedures for evaluating expressions, and performing calculations, involving these operations and relations.