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Louis-Alexandre Berthier, prince de Neuchâtel et Valangin, prince de Wagram (French: [lwi alɛksɑ̃dʁ bɛʁtje]; 20 November 1753 – 1 June 1815) was a French military commander who served during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.
The Battle of Borodino (Russian: Бopoди́нcкoe cpaже́ниe, romanized: Borodínskoye srazhéniye Russian pronunciation: [bərədʲɪˈno]) or Battle of Moscow (French: bataille de la Moskova), in popular literature also known as the Battle of the Generals, [19] took place near the village of Borodino on 7 September [O.S. 26 August] 1812 [20] during Napoleon's invasion of Russia.
As chance would have it, the Russians intercepted a crucial dispatch, in which the Chief of Staff, Louis Alexandre Berthier, was explaining the entire plan to the commander of the left wing corps, Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte. This allowed Bennigsen to realize the mortal danger in which his army lay and begin a precipitated retreat northeast. [5]
Battle of Paris by Bogdan Willewalde, 1834 Russian army attacking Montmartre Heights Russian army enters Paris. The Battle of Paris (or the Storming of Paris [2]) was fought on 30–31 March 1814 between the Sixth Coalition, consisting of Russia, Austria, and Prussia, and the French Empire.
Having defeated combined Prussian-Russian forces on the battlefield, Napoleon had met Alexander I of Russia and Frederick William III of Prussia in the town of Tilsit in East Prussia. While Napoleon courted the friendship of the Tsar, he was dismissive towards Frederick William having occupied his capital Berlin and much of his territory.
The new Tsar Alexander I of Russia (r. 1801–1825) came to the throne as the result of his father's murder, which he was implicated in. [3] Groomed for the throne by Catherine II and raised in the spirit of enlightenment, Alexander also had an inclination toward romanticism and religious mysticism, particularly in the latter period of his reign.
In 1855, Alexander II began his reign as Tsar of Russia and presided over a period of political and social reform, notably the emancipation of serfs in 1861 and the lifting of censorship. His successor Alexander III (r. 1881–1894) pursued a policy of repression and restricted public expenditure, but continued land and labour reforms.
The unexpected French advance from the west and the fall of the Shevardino redoubt threw the Russian formation into disarray. Since the left flank of their defensive position had collapsed, Russian forces withdrew to the east, constructing a makeshift position centered around the village of Utitsa.