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Respiratory failure results from inadequate gas exchange by the respiratory system, meaning that the arterial oxygen, carbon dioxide, or both cannot be kept at normal levels. A drop in the oxygen carried in the blood is known as hypoxemia; a rise in arterial carbon dioxide levels is called hypercapnia. Respiratory failure is classified as ...
Normal arterial blood oxygen saturation levels in humans are 96–100 percent. [1] If the level is below 90 percent, it is considered low and called hypoxemia. [2] Arterial blood oxygen levels below 80 percent may compromise organ function, such as the brain and heart, and should be promptly addressed.
Tissue hypoxia refers to low levels of oxygen in the tissues of the body and the term hypoxia is a general term for low levels of oxygen. [2] Hypoxemia is usually caused by pulmonary disease whereas tissue oxygenation requires additionally adequate circulation of blood and perfusion of tissue to meet metabolic demands.
Signs and symptoms may include shortness of breath, fast breathing, and a low oxygen level in the blood due to abnormal ventilation. [7] [8] Other common symptoms include muscle fatigue and general weakness, low blood pressure, a dry, hacking cough, and fever. [9]
Hypoxemic hypoxia is a lack of oxygen caused by low oxygen tension in the arterial blood, due to the inability of the lungs to sufficiently oxygenate the blood. Causes include hypoventilation, impaired alveolar diffusion, and pulmonary shunting. [8] This definition overlaps considerably with that of hypoxic hypoxia.
A low PaO 2 indicates abnormal oxygenation of blood and a person is known as having hypoxemia. (Note that a low PaO 2 is not required for the person to have hypoxia as in cases of Ischemia, a lack of oxygen in tissues or organs as opposed to arterial blood.) At a P a O 2 of less than 60 mm Hg, supplemental oxygen should be administered.
It is the most common bacterial pneumonia found in adults, the most common type of community-acquired pneumonia, and one of the common types of pneumococcal infection. The estimated number of Americans with pneumococcal pneumonia is 900,000 annually, with almost 400,000 cases hospitalized and fatalities accounting for 5-7% of these cases. [2]
Oxygen therapy may be used if oxygen levels are low. [11] Each year, pneumonia affects about 450 million people globally (7% of the population) and results in about 4 million deaths. [12] [13] With the introduction of antibiotics and vaccines in the 20th century, survival has greatly improved. [12]