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Lyme disease, also known as Lyme borreliosis, is a tick-borne disease caused by species of Borrelia bacteria, transmitted by blood-feeding ticks in the genus Ixodes. [4] [9] [10] The most common sign of infection is an expanding red rash, known as erythema migrans (EM), which appears at the site of the tick bite about a week afterwards. [1]
This rash was known as erythema chronicum migrans, the skin rash found in early-stage Lyme disease. [ 18 ] In the 1920s, French physicians Garin and Bujadoux described a patient with meningoencephalitis, painful sensory radiculitis, and erythema migrans following a tick bite, and they postulated the symptoms were due to a spirochetal infection.
Lyme disease is caused by infected black-legged (or deer) ticks and symptoms of the disease may vary, depending on how long it takes to discover the signs. Show comments Advertisement
Neuroborreliosis is often preceded by the typical symptoms of Lyme disease, which include erythema migrans and flu-like symptoms such as fever and muscle aches. Neurologic symptoms of neuroborreliosis include the meningoradiculitis (which is more common in European patients), cranial nerve abnormalities, and altered mental status.
Borrelia afzelii is a species of Borrelia endemic to parts of Eurasia where it is one of the causative agents of Lyme disease.It is transmitted by hard-bodied ticks of the Ixodes genus (Ixodes ricinus in Europe, and Ixodes persulcatus in temperate regions of Asia), infecting various wild mammals in nature.
Eight are known to cause Lyme disease or Borreliosis. [6] The major Borrelia species causing Lyme disease are Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia afzelii, and Borrelia garinii. [23] All species that cause Lyme disease are referred to collectively as B. burgdorferi sensu lato, [10] while B. burgdorferi itself is specified as B. burgdorferi sensu stricto.
Lyme Disease Awareness Month is observed every May internationally, especially in countries where Lyme disease is common. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Lyme disease is caused by a tick-borne parasite, and Lyme Disease Awareness Month includes initiatives aimed at prevention and early identification of possible Lyme disease cases.
Major US medical authorities, including the Infectious Diseases Society of America, [5] the American Academy of Neurology, [6] and the National Institutes of Health, [7] are careful to distinguish the diagnosis and treatment of "patients who have had well-documented Lyme disease and who remain symptomatic for many months to years after ...