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Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, as articulated in the second half of the 20th century by Erik Erikson in collaboration with Joan Erikson, [1] is a comprehensive psychoanalytic theory that identifies a series of eight stages that a healthy developing individual should pass through from infancy to late adulthood.
On ego identity versus role confusion: ego identity enables each person to have a sense of individuality, or as Erikson would say, "Ego identity, then, in its subjective aspect, is the awareness of the fact that there is a self-sameness and continuity to the ego's synthesizing methods and a continuity of one's meaning for others". [41]
In their expanded world, children in the 3–5 age group attempt to find their own way. If this is done in a socially acceptable way, the child develops the initiative. If not, the child develops guilt. [125] Children who develop "guilt" rather than "initiative" have failed Erikson's psychosocial crisis for the 3–5 age group.
Initiative vs. guilt: Overdeveloped conscience which prevents independent action; excessive guilt IV. School age (ages 5–10) Industry vs. inferiority: Doubt in one's ability to perform adequately for society; feelings of inferiority and inadequacy V. Adolescence: Identity vs. identity diffusion: Doubt about one's sexual, ethnic, or ...
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Stage 3 – Initiative vs. Guilt (3 – 6 years) During preschool years children start to use their power and control over the world through playing and other social interactions. Children who successfully pass this stage feel capable and able to lead others, while those who do not are left with a sense of guilt, self-doubt, and lack of initiative.
A moral injury, researchers and psychologists are finding, can be as simple and profound as losing a loved comrade. Returning combat medics sometimes bear the guilt of failing to save someone badly wounded; veterans tell of the sense of betrayal when a buddy is hurt because of a poor decision made by those in charge.
Erikson's eight stages consist of the following: [19] Trust vs. mistrust (infant) Autonomy vs. shame (toddlerhood) Initiative vs. guilt (preschooler) Industry vs. inferiority (young adolescent) Identity vs. role confusion (adolescent) Intimacy vs. isolation (young adulthood) Generativity vs. stagnation (middle adulthood) Ego integrity vs ...