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In probability theory, odds provide a measure of the probability of a particular outcome. Odds are commonly used in gambling and statistics.For example for an event that is 40% probable, one could say that the odds are "2 in 5", "2 to 3 in favor", or "3 to 2 against".
In mathematics, the logarithm of a number is the exponent by which another fixed value, the base, must be raised to produce that number.For example, the logarithm of 1000 to base 10 is 3, because 1000 is 10 to the 3 rd power: 1000 = 10 3 = 10 × 10 × 10.
We say is Markov with initial distribution and rate matrix to mean: the trajectories of are almost surely right continuous, let be a modification of to have (everywhere) right-continuous trajectories, (()) = + almost surely (note to experts: this condition says is non-explosive), the state sequence (()) is a discrete-time Markov chain with ...
Its definition is based on the average length of a year according to the Julian calendar, which has one leap year every four years. According to the geological science convention, this is used to form larger units of time by the application of SI prefixes to it; at least up to giga-annum or Ga, equal to 1,000,000,000 a ( short scale : one ...
Nairobi is divided into a series of constituencies with each being represented by members of Parliament in the National Assembly. The initial constituencies before the 2010 constitution which led to the county electoral boundaries being redrawn were: Makadara, Kamukunji, Starehe, Langata , Dagoretti, Westlands , Kasarani, and Embakasi . [ 55 ]
8.0: 1.9: 12.7-0.12 Iceland ... are out of the total male population and total female population, respectively, i.e. total number of male suicides divided by the ...
The geodetic and geocentric latitudes are equal at the equator and at the poles but at other latitudes they differ by a few minutes of arc. Taking the value of the squared eccentricity as 0.0067 (it depends on the choice of ellipsoid) the maximum difference of ϕ − θ {\displaystyle \phi {-}\theta } may be shown to be about 11.5 minutes of ...
Unlike most Western European countries, Iceland has a flat tax system: the main personal income tax rate is a flat 22.75% and combined with municipal taxes, the total tax rate equals no more than 35.7%, not including the many available deductions. [156] The corporate tax rate is a flat 18%, one of the lowest in the world. [156]