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In cats, the antibodies are already present in the mother's blood before parturition. The blood group antigens are similar in structure to the antigen of a common bacteria in the gut of cats leading to antibody formation. Kittens obtain the majority of their immune response from the colostrum, and are not born with a strong immune response.
The most common antibody isotype involved in warm antibody AIHA is IgG, though sometimes IgA is found. The IgG antibodies attach to a red blood cell, leaving their F C portion exposed with maximal reactivity at 37 °C (versus cold antibody induced hemolytic anemia whose antibodies only bind red blood cells at low body temperatures, typically 28–31 °C).
The direct Coombs test is used to test for autoimmune hemolytic anemia, a condition where the immune system breaks down red blood cells, leading to anemia. The direct Coombs test is used to detect antibodies or complement proteins attached to the surface of red blood cells. To perform the test, a blood sample is taken and the red blood cells ...
Mixed autoimmune hemolytic anemia (MAIHA) is a type of autoimmune hemolytic anemia which combines the features of cold sensitive antibody-induced diseases and warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The work-up for diagnosis is complex and the condition can be over-diagnosed. [1] [2] [better source needed]
Cold antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia [2] Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria [2] Drug-induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia [2] Alloimmune hemolytic anemia [1] Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) [1] Rh disease (Rh D) [1] ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn [1] Anti-Kell hemolytic disease of the newborn [1] Rhesus c hemolytic disease of the ...
A positive direct antiglobulin test differentiates immune-mediated hemolytic anemia from a nonimmune-mediated cause. Other situations such as liver disease, post-transfusion or immunoglobulin administration, renal disease, and malignancy can cause a positive direct antiglobulin test. [1]
Spherocytes are found in immunologically-mediated hemolytic anemias and in hereditary spherocytosis, but the former would have a positive direct Coombs test and the latter would not. The misshapen but otherwise healthy red blood cells are mistaken by the spleen for old or damaged red blood cells and it thus constantly breaks them down, causing ...
Isoimmunization occurs when the maternal immune system is sensitized to red blood cell surface antigens. The most common causes of isoimmunization are blood transfusion, and fetal-maternal hemorrhage. [13] The hemolytic process can result in anemia, hyperbilirubinemia, neonatal thrombocytopenia, and neonatal neutropenia. [7]