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Glipizide, sold under the brand name Glucotrol among others, is an anti-diabetic medication of the sulfonylurea class used to treat type 2 diabetes. [1] [2] It is used together with a diabetic diet and exercise. [1] [2] It is not indicated for use by itself in type 1 diabetes. [1] [2] It is taken by mouth.
[1] [4] [5] The initial design developed in 1982 by ALZA researchers was designated the Push-Pull Osmotic Pump (PPOP), and Procardia XL was one of the first drugs to utilize this PPOP design. [1] [2] An animation illustrating the exterior/interior compositions of a tablet of Concerta, a PSOP OROS design.
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Modified-release dosage is a mechanism that (in contrast to immediate-release dosage) delivers a drug with a delay after its administration (delayed-release dosage) or for a prolonged period of time (extended-release [ER, XR, XL] dosage) or to a specific target in the body (targeted-release dosage). [1]
Drugs used in diabetes treat types of diabetes mellitus by decreasing glucose levels in the blood.With the exception of insulin, most GLP-1 receptor agonists (liraglutide, exenatide, and others), and pramlintide, all diabetes medications are administered orally and are thus called oral hypoglycemic agents or oral antihyperglycemic agents.
The K ATP channel is an octameric complex of the inward-rectifier potassium ion channel K ir 6.x and sulfonylurea receptor SUR which associate with a stoichiometry of 4:4. [28] Furthermore, it has been shown that sulfonylureas interact with the nucleotide exchange factor Epac2.
In patients without CVD, the cost per QALY was $9,093. [39] In the United States, cost is the highest barrier to GLP-1 agonist usage and was reported as the reason for discontinuation in 48.6% of U.S. patients who stopped using the drugs. [40] According to another study, GLP-1 agonists are not cost-effective for pediatric obesity in the U.S. [41]
The 2022 American Diabetes Association (ADA) standards of medical care in diabetes include SGLT2 inhibitors as a first line pharmacological therapy for type 2 diabetes (usually together with metformin), specifically in patients with chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease or heart failure.