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A wooden tripod holding an optical level is set up firmly on the ground. Levelling or leveling (American English; see spelling differences) is a branch of surveying, the object of which is to establish or verify or measure the height of specified points relative to a datum.
Geodesy or geodetics [1] is the science of measuring and representing the geometry, gravity, and spatial orientation of the Earth in temporally varying 3D.It is called planetary geodesy when studying other astronomical bodies, such as planets or circumplanetary systems. [2]
A surveyor's shed showing equipment used for geomatics. Geomatics is defined in the ISO/TC 211 series of standards as the "discipline concerned with the collection, distribution, storage, analysis, processing, presentation of geographic data or geographic information". [1]
[8] [9] In 1669, Jean Picard found the first accurate and reliable value for the radius of Earth as 6,365.6 kilometres . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Picard's geodetic observations had been confined to the determination of the magnitude of the Earth considered as a sphere, but the discovery made by Jean Richer turned the attention of mathematicians to the ...
The Romans recognized land surveying as a profession. They established the basic measurements under which the Roman Empire was divided, such as a tax register of conquered lands (300 AD). [5] Roman surveyors were known as Gromatici. In medieval Europe, beating the bounds maintained the boundaries of a village or parish. This was the practice of ...
There is a later (2017) second printing. Though usually there is little difference between the first and subsequent printings, in this case the second printing not only deletes from page 53 the Exercises 36, 40, 41, and 42 of Chapter 2 but also offers a (slightly, but still substantially) different presentation of part (ii) of Exercise 17.8.
The geoid (/ ˈ dʒ iː. ɔɪ d / JEE-oyd) is the shape that the ocean surface would take under the influence of the gravity of Earth, including gravitational attraction and Earth's rotation, if other influences such as winds and tides were absent.
Geomatics is a more recently evolved sub-discipline, and even more recent is the concept of geomorphometrics. This has only recently been developed since the availability of more flexible and capable geographic information system (GIS) software, as well as higher resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM). [ 6 ]