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Choristoneura fumiferana, the eastern spruce budworm, is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae native to the eastern United States and Canada. The caterpillars feed on the needles of spruce and fir trees. Eastern spruce budworm populations can experience significant oscillations, with large outbreaks sometimes resulting in wide scale tree ...
Choristoneura freemani Razowski, 2008, western spruce budworm; Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens, 1865), eastern spruce budworm; Choristoneura griseicoma (Meyrick, 1924) Choristoneura hebenstreitella (Muller, 1764), mountain-ash tortricid; Choristoneura heliaspis (Meyrick, 1909) Choristoneura improvisana (Kuznetsov, 1973)
The spruce bud moth defoliates young white spruce trees, and after 1980, upon the plantation of extensive regions of white spruce, has been considered a pest. As mentioned, the larvae of the spruce bud moth, in particular, deform the buds of the spruce tree greatly, specifically destroying the cortical tissue and crown of the tree, weakening ...
Dracunculiasis, also called Guinea-worm disease, is a parasitic infection by the Guinea worm, Dracunculus medinensis. A person becomes infected by drinking water contaminated with Guinea-worm larvae that reside inside copepods (a type of small crustacean).
Most of the early epidemics subsided naturally after a few years. Others persisted longer, but without spreading over large areas. An epidemic which began in 1949 in the northern Rocky Mountains has persisted for over 30 years despite insecticidal treatment of more than 6,000,000 acres (24,000 km 2) between 1952 and 1966. [2]
The signs and symptoms of helminthiasis depend on a number of factors including: the site of the infestation within the body; the type of worm involved; the number of worms and their volume; the type of damage the infesting worms cause; and, the immunological response of the body. Where the burden of parasites in the body is light, there may be ...
Research is being done on the use of Trichogramma wasps to control populations of spruce bud moth (Zeiraphera canadensis), which damages white spruce trees. [24] Trichogramma began to be seriously used in the 1990s in China. Since then some applications have fallen out of use due to the rise of Bt crops because Bt is also toxic to the parasitoid.
Major groups of parasites include protozoans (organisms having only one cell) and parasitic worms (helminths). Of these, protozoans, including cryptosporidium, microsporidia, and isospora, are most common in HIV-infected persons. Each of these parasites can infect the digestive tract, and sometimes two or more can cause infection at the same time.