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Modern radars generally perform all of these MTI techniques as part of a wider suite of signal processing being carried out by digital signal processors. MTI may be specialized in terms of the type of clutter and environment: airborne MTI (AMTI), ground MTI (GMTI), etc., or may be combined mode: stationary and moving target indication (SMTI).
On inspection the clinician looks for signs of: trauma; previous surgery ()muscle wasting/muscle asymmetry; edema (swelling) erythema (redness); ulcers – arterial ulcers tend to be on the borders / sides of the foot, neuropathic ulcers on the plantar surface of the foot, venous ulcers tend on be on the medial aspect of the leg superior to the medial malleolus.
The ABPI test is a popular tool for the non-invasive assessment of Peripheral vascular disease (PVD). Studies have shown the sensitivity of ABPI is 90% with a corresponding 98% specificity for detecting hemodynamically significant (stenosis of more than 50%) in major leg arteries, defined by angiogram. [3] However, ABPI has known issues:
In January 2010, Transport Canada confirmed that 44 scanners had been ordered, to be used in secondary screening at eight Canadian airports. [44] The announcement resulted in controversies over privacy, effectiveness and whether the exemption for those under 18 would be too large a loophole. [45] [46] [47]
The Paraná maneuver makes use of a proprioceptive reflex to test venous-muscle-pump- induced flow. (A proprioceptive reflex is a response to a perceived stimulus, especially with regard to movement and position of the body.) [ 19 ] A slight push to the waist triggers a muscle contraction in the leg to maintain posture.
Veterinarians were the first health professionals to use PEMF therapy, usually to attempt to heal broken legs in racehorses. [6] In 2004, a pulsed electromagnetic field system was approved by the FDA as an adjunct to cervical fusion surgery in patients at high risk for non-fusion. [6]
Thrombolytic drugs Acute limb ischaemia ( ALI ) occurs when there is a sudden lack of blood flow to a limb [ 1 ] within 14 days of symptoms onset. [ 2 ] On the other hand, when the symptoms exceed 14 days, [ 3 ] it is called critical limb ischemia (CLI).
Nerve conduction studies are also used for evaluation of paresthesias (numbness, tingling, burning) and/or weakness of the arms and legs. [6] The type of study required is dependent in part by the symptoms presented. A physical exam and thorough history also help to direct the investigation. [6]