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NF-κB and interleukin 1 alpha mutually induce each other in senescent cells in a positive feedback loop causing the production of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors. [93] NF-κB and the NAD-degrading enzyme CD38 also mutually induce each other. [94] NF-κB is a central component of the cellular response to damage. [95]
NF-κB has been detected in numerous cell types that express cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, cell adhesion molecules, and some acute phase proteins in health and in various disease states. NF-κB is activated by a wide variety of stimuli such as cytokines, oxidant-free radicals, inhaled particles, ultraviolet irradiation, and bacterial ...
NF-κB is a transcription factor that is activated by various intra- and extra-cellular stimuli such as cytokines, oxidant-free radicals, ultraviolet irradiation, and bacterial or viral products. Activated NF-κB translocates into the nucleus and stimulates the expression of genes involved in a wide variety of biological functions; over 200 ...
Genetic ablation of the paracaspase gene in mice and biochemical studies have shown that paracaspase is a crucial protein for T and B lymphocytes activation. It has an important role in the activation of the transcription factor NF-κB, in the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and in T and B lymphocytes proliferation [8] [9] Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different ...
.nf, the internet country code top-level domain for Norfolk Island; NF file format, used by TRUMPF machines; Noise figure, in radio and radar signal processing; Normal forms, criteria for determining a table's degree of vulnerability to logical inconsistencies and anomalies
IκBα inhibits NF-κB by masking the nuclear localization signals (NLS) of NF-κB proteins and keeping them sequestered in an inactive state in the cytoplasm. [5] In addition, IκBα blocks the ability of NF-κB transcription factors to bind to DNA, which is required for NF-κB's proper functioning.
Notably, the NBD peptide targets the inflammation induced NF-κB activation pathway sparing the protective functions of basal NF-κB activity allowing for greater therapeutic value and fewer undesired side effects. The NBD peptide was designed by identifying the amino acid binding sequence on IKK-α and IKK-β to which NEMO binds. [12]
Activated IKK-β phosphorylates a protein called the inhibitor of NF-κB, IκB , which binds NF-κB to inhibit its function. Phosphorylated IκB is degraded via the ubiquitination pathway, freeing NF-κB, and allowing its entry into the nucleus of the cell where it activates various genes involved in inflammation and other immune responses.