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A spreadsheet's concatenate ("&") function is used to assemble a complex text string—in this example, XML code for an SVG "circle" element. In formal language theory and computer programming, string concatenation is the operation of joining character strings end-to-end. For example, the concatenation of "snow" and "ball" is "snowball".
Given a vector bundle π : E → B over a manifold, we say a differential form α on E has vertical-compact support if the restriction | has compact support for each b in B. We write Ω v c ∗ ( E ) {\displaystyle \Omega _{vc}^{*}(E)} for the vector space of differential forms on E with vertical-compact support.
In the OSI model of computer networking, a frame is the protocol data unit at the data link layer.Frames are the result of the final layer of encapsulation before the data is transmitted over the physical layer. [1]
Vertical integration can be desirable because it secures supplies needed by the firm to produce its product and the market needed to sell the product, but it can become undesirable when a firm's actions become anti-competitive and impede free competition in an open marketplace. Vertical integration is one method of avoiding the hold-up problem.