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The heating radiator was invented by Franz San Galli in 1855, a Kingdom of Prussia-born Russian businessman living in St. Petersburg. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] In the late 1800s, companies, such as the American Radiator Company , promoted cast iron radiators over previous fabricated steel designs in order to lower costs and expand the market.
Once the coolant absorbs the heat from the engine it continues its flow to the radiator. The radiator transfers heat from the coolant to the passing air. Radiators are also used to cool automatic transmission fluids, air conditioner refrigerant, intake air, and sometimes to cool motor oil or power steering fluid. A radiator is typically mounted ...
CIPP is considered a trenchless technology, meaning little to no digging is typically required, for a potentially more cost-effective and less disruptive method than traditional "dig and replace" pipe repair methods. The liner is inserted using water or air pressure, applied via pressure vessels, scaffolds or a "chip unit".
An elbow is installed between two lengths of pipe (or tubing) to allow a change of direction, usually a 90° or 45° angle; 22.5° elbows are also available. The ends may be machined for butt welding, threaded (usually female), or socketed. When the ends differ in size, it is known as a reducing (or reducer) elbow.
In new and upgraded systems, expansion tanks are designed in and installed [2] more frequently than in the past. In the UK, prior to the use of sealed expansion tanks, "open" tanks were installed in the roof space to accommodate the water's expansion [ citation needed ] ; these had the disadvantage of being exposed to cold air in the roof space.
Some heat pipes have demonstrated a heat flux of more than 23 kW/cm 2, about four times the heat flux through the surface of the Sun. [15] Heat pipes have an envelope, a wick, and a working fluid. Heat pipes are designed for very long term operation with no maintenance, so the heat pipe wall and wick must be compatible with the working fluid.