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Venus’ core is believed to be iron-nickel, similarly to Earth. Mars, on the other hand, is believed to have an iron-sulfur core and is separated into an outer liquid layer around an inner solid core. [20] As the orbital radius of a rocky planet increases, the size of the core relative to the total radius of the planet decreases. [15]
Another model involves a dense stellar cluster undergoing core collapse as the negative heat capacity of the system drives the velocity dispersion in the core to relativistic speeds. [ 50 ] [ 51 ] Before the first stars, large gas clouds could collapse into a " quasi-star ", which would in turn collapse into a black hole of around 20 M ☉ . [ 42 ]
Eventually, the planet suffers a catastrophic core collapse brought on by the corporation's employees, wiping out all biological life on the planet, including humans. [‡ 1] As a result, the planet becomes a frozen wasteland, and only the Worker Drones remain. One day, three violent killing machines known as Disassembly Drones—nicknamed ...
It is also likely that instead of a Type Ia supernova, the merger of two white dwarfs will lead to core-collapse. As a white dwarf accretes material quickly, the core can ignite off-center, which leads to gravitational instabilities that could create a neutron star .
The possibility of direct collapse into black holes of stars with core mass > 133 M ☉, requiring total stellar mass of > 260 M ☉ has been considered, but there may be little chance of observing such a high-mass supernova remnant; i.e., the lower bound of the upper mass gap may represent a mass cutoff. [11]
The core collapse of some massive stars may not result in a visible supernova. This happens if the initial core collapse cannot be reversed by the mechanism that produces an explosion, usually because the core is too massive. These events are difficult to detect, but large surveys have detected possible candidates.
Gravitational collapse of a massive star, resulting in a Type II supernova. Gravitational collapse is the contraction of an astronomical object due to the influence of its own gravity, which tends to draw matter inward toward the center of gravity. [1] Gravitational collapse is a fundamental mechanism for structure formation in the universe.
When the core's mass exceeds the Chandrasekhar limit of about 1.4 M ☉, degeneracy pressure can no longer support it, and catastrophic collapse ensues. [10] The outer part of the core reaches velocities of up to 70 000 km/s (23% of the speed of light) as it collapses toward the center of the star. [11]