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Virus crystallisation is the re-arrangement of viral components into solid crystal particles. [1] The crystals are composed of thousands of inactive forms of a particular virus arranged in the shape of a prism. [2] The inactive nature of virus crystals provide advantages for immunologists to effectively analyze the structure and function behind ...
The viral eukaryogenesis hypothesis posits that eukaryotes are composed of three ancestral elements: a viral component that became the modern nucleus; a prokaryotic cell (an archaeon according to the eocyte hypothesis) which donated the cytoplasm and cell membrane of modern cells; and another prokaryotic cell (here bacterium) that, by endocytosis, became the modern mitochondrion or chloroplast.
[3] The development of the one gene–one enzyme hypothesis is often considered the first significant result in what came to be called molecular biology. [4] Although it has been extremely influential, the hypothesis was recognized soon after its proposal to be an oversimplification. Even the subsequent reformulation of the "one gene–one ...
Viruses may even have multiple origins and different types of viruses may have evolved independently over the history of life. [52] There are different hypotheses for the origins of viruses, for instance an early viral origin from the RNA world or a later viral origin from selfish DNA. [52]
Viral evolution is a subfield of evolutionary biology and virology that is specifically concerned with the evolution of viruses. [1] [2] Viruses have short generation times, and many—in particular RNA viruses—have relatively high mutation rates (on the order of one point mutation or more per genome per round of replication).
[3] Viruses enter host cells using a variety of mechanisms, including the endocytic and non-endocytic routes. [4] They can also fuse at the plasma membrane and can spread within the host via fusion or cell-cell fusion. [5] Viruses attach to proteins on the host cell surface known as cellular receptors or attachment factors to aid entry. [6]
Some of the viruses evolved into DNA viruses to protect their genes from attack. Through the process of viral infection into hosts the three domains of life evolved. [102] [103] Another interesting proposal is the idea that RNA synthesis might have been driven by temperature gradients, in the process of thermosynthesis. [104]
The use of engineered plant viruses has been proposed to enhance crop performance and promote sustainable production. [12] Replicating virus-based vectors are typically used. [63] RNA viruses used for monocots include wheat streak mosaic virus and barley stripe mosaic virus and, for dicots, tobacco rattle virus.