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Lipiduria or lipuria is the presence of lipids in the urine. Lipiduria is most frequently observed in nephrotic syndrome where it is passed as lipoproteins along with other proteins. [1] [2] It has also been reported as a sign following fat embolism. [3] When lipiduria occurs, epithelial cells or macrophages contain endogenous fats.
Globules of fat are emulsified in the duodenum into smaller droplets by bile salts during food digestion, speeding up the rate of digestion by the enzyme lipase at a later point in digestion. Bile salts possess detergent properties that allow them to emulsify fat globules into smaller emulsion droplets, and then into even smaller micelles .
Fat globules present in urine; Changes in renal function (reduced urine output) Drop in haemoglobin values (more than 20% of the value upon admission) Drop in haematocrit values; Drop in platelet values (more than 50% of the value upon admission) Increasing erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (greater than 71 mm per hour) Fat globules present ...
Urinary casts are microscopic cylindrical structures produced by the kidney and present in the urine in certain disease states. They form in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts of nephrons , then dislodge and pass into the urine, where they can be detected by microscopy .
Urine pH may be monitored to help prevent the formation of kidney stones or to avoid side effects of some drugs, [68] such as high-dose methotrexate therapy, in which crystals that cause kidney damage can form if the urine is acidic. [69] If microscopy is performed, knowing the pH of the sample helps to identify any crystals that might be ...
Osmium tetroxide is used in optical microscopy to stain lipids. It dissolves in fats, and is reduced by organic materials to elemental osmium, an easily visible black substance. Because it is a heavy metal that absorbs electrons, it is perhaps the most common stain used for morphology in biological electron microscopy.
In urine cytology, collected urine is examined microscopically. One limitation, however, is the inability to definitively identify low-grade cancer cells and urine cytology is used mostly to identify high-grade tumors. [4] If the test detects atypical or cancerous cells, further tests may be recommended, such as cystoscopy and a CT scan.
Foam cells are fat-laden cells with a M2 macrophage-like phenotype. They contain low density lipoproteins (LDL) and can be rapidly detected by examining a fatty plaque under a microscope after it is removed from the body. [4] They are named because the lipoproteins give the cell a foamy appearance. [5]