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A simple cladogram showing the evolutionary relationships between four species: A, B, C, and D. Here, Species A is the outgroup, and Species B, C, and D form the ingroup. In cladistics or phylogenetics, an outgroup [1] is a more distantly related group of organisms that serves as a reference group when determining the evolutionary relationships of the ingroup, the set of organisms under study ...
The phylogenetic classification of bony fishes is a phylogenetic classification of bony fishes and is based on phylogenies inferred using molecular and genomic data for nearly 2000 fishes.
A nonoptimal cladogram will be selected if the program settles on a local minimum rather than the desired global minimum. [16] To help solve this problem, many cladogram algorithms use a simulated annealing approach to increase the likelihood that the selected cladogram is the optimal one. [17]
Download as PDF; Printable version; In other projects Appearance. ... cladogram= cladogram, constructed with Template:Clade |cladogram2= second cladogram, ...
Parameters |title= text to display at top |cladogram= cladogram, constructed with Template:Clade |cladogram2= second cladogram, constructed in the same way |caption= caption to display under cladogram
Willi Hennig 1972 Peter Chalmers Mitchell in 1920 Robert John Tillyard. The original methods used in cladistic analysis and the school of taxonomy derived from the work of the German entomologist Willi Hennig, who referred to it as phylogenetic systematics (also the title of his 1966 book); but the terms "cladistics" and "clade" were popularized by other researchers.
Although intended as an objective method, in practice the choice and implicit or explicit weighting of characteristics is influenced by available data and research interests of the investigator. What was made objective was the introduction of explicit steps to be used to create dendrograms and cladograms using numerical methods rather than ...
The whole system can be output as a large cladogram or sections can be selected for partial transclusion. Partial transclusion is available for Magnolids, Monocots, Commelinids, Eudicots, Superrosids, Malvids, Fabids, Superasterids, Campulids, and Lamiids.
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