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In algebra, the partial fraction decomposition or partial fraction expansion of a rational fraction (that is, a fraction such that the numerator and the denominator are both polynomials) is an operation that consists of expressing the fraction as a sum of a polynomial (possibly zero) and one or several fractions with a simpler denominator. [1]
Continued fractions are most conveniently applied to solve the general quadratic equation expressed in the form of a monic polynomial x 2 + b x + c = 0 {\displaystyle x^{2}+bx+c=0} which can always be obtained by dividing the original equation by its leading coefficient .
In mathematics, the method of equating the coefficients is a way of solving a functional equation of two expressions such as polynomials for a number of unknown parameters. It relies on the fact that two expressions are identical precisely when corresponding coefficients are equal for each different type of term.
For example, they are used to form polynomial equations, which encode a wide range of problems, from elementary word problems to complicated scientific problems; they are used to define polynomial functions, which appear in settings ranging from basic chemistry and physics to economics and social science; and they are used in calculus and ...
A rational fraction is an algebraic fraction whose numerator and denominator are both polynomials. Thus 3 x x 2 + 2 x − 3 {\displaystyle {\frac {3x}{x^{2}+2x-3}}} is a rational fraction, but not x + 2 x 2 − 3 , {\displaystyle {\frac {\sqrt {x+2}}{x^{2}-3}},} because the numerator contains a square root function.
For example, the fraction is proper, and the fractions + + + and + + are improper. Any improper rational fraction can be expressed as the sum of a polynomial (possibly constant) and a proper rational fraction.
Let () be a polynomial equation, where P is a univariate polynomial of degree n. If one divides all coefficients of P by its leading coefficient, one obtains a new polynomial equation that has the same solutions and consists to equate to zero a monic polynomial. For example, the equation
A monomial is a polynomial with one term while two- and three-term polynomials are called binomials and trinomials. The degree of a polynomial is the maximal value (among its terms) of the sum of the exponents of the variables (4 in the above example). [32] Polynomials of degree one are called linear polynomials.