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The result is homogeneous with conclusions from other studies, with emerging themes include: companionship, reduced depression, access to healthcare, isolation, and increased social network. [73] Another example of a utilized social service program in Northern California is the UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland Find Program.
Epidemiological (and other observational) studies typically highlight associations between exposures and outcomes, rather than causation. While some consider this a limitation of observational research, epidemiological models of causation (e.g. Bradford Hill criteria) [7] contend that an entire body of evidence is needed before determining if an association is truly causal. [8]
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where), patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in a defined population, and application of this knowledge to prevent diseases.
For example, 98% of the 11,600 daily maternal and neonatal deaths occur in developing countries. [64] Three other diseases, measles, pneumonia, and diarrheal diseases, are also closely associated with poverty, and are often included with AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis in broader definitions and discussions of diseases of poverty. [65]
The Nurses ' Health Study is a series of prospective studies that examine epidemiology and the long-term effects of nutrition, hormones, environment, and nurses' work-life on health and disease development. [1] [2] The studies have been among the largest investigations into risk factors for major chronic diseases ever conducted. The Nurses ...
Physiologist Ancel Keys was the lead investigator of the Minnesota Starvation Experiment. He was directly responsible for the X-ray analysis and administrative work and the general supervision of the activities in the Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene which he had founded at the University of Minnesota in 1940 after leaving positions at Harvard's Fatigue Laboratory and the Mayo Clinic.
Outcomes research is applied to clinical and population based research that seeks to study and optimize the end results of healthcare in terms of benefits to the patient and society. The intent of this research is to identify shortfalls in practice and to develop strategies to improve care.
Contemporary research has both built upon and revised the findings of the Cannon-Washburn experiment, leading to a more nuanced and comprehensive understanding of hunger and appetite regulation. Modern studies recognize hunger as a complex interplay of multiple factors, far beyond the simple stomach contractions observed in the original experiment.