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Back mutation (sometimes back umlaut, guttural umlaut, u-umlaut, or velar umlaut) is a change that took place in late prehistoric Old English and caused short e, i and sometimes a to break into a diphthong (eo, io, ea respectively, similar to breaking) when a back vowel (u, o, ō, a) occurred in the following syllable. [24] Examples:
The nasalisation was retained at least into the earliest history of Old English. Word-final /t/ was lost after an unstressed syllable. This followed the loss of word-final /n/, because it remained before /t/: PrePGmc * bʰr̥n̥t > early PGmc *burunt > late PGmc *burun "they carried". /e/ was raised to /i/ in unstressed syllables.
Most native English speakers today find Old English unintelligible, even though about half of the most commonly used words in Modern English have Old English roots. [12] The grammar of Old English was much more inflected than modern English, combined with freer word order , and was grammatically quite similar in some respects to modern German .
The Italian term is a feminine of novello, which means new, similarly to the English word news. [1] Merriam-Webster defines a novella as "a work of fiction intermediate in length and complexity between a short story and a novel". [1]
The history of the merger dates back to two Middle English phonemes: the long vowel /oː/ (which shoot traces back to) and the short vowel /u/ (which put traces back to). As a result of the Great Vowel Shift , /oː/ raised to /uː/ , which continues to be the pronunciation of shoot today.
In the sociolinguistics of English, /æ/ raising is a process that occurs in many accents of American English, and to some degree in Canadian English, by which / æ / ⓘ, the "short a" vowel found in such words as ash, bath, man, lamp, pal, rag, sack, trap, etc., is tensed: pronounced as more raised, and lengthened and/or diphthongized in ...
Taylor's system was superseded by Pitman shorthand, first introduced in 1837 by English teacher Isaac Pitman, and improved many times since. Pitman's system has been used all over the English-speaking world and has been adapted to many other languages, including Latin. [citation needed] Pitman's system uses a phonemic orthography.