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Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where), patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in a defined population, and application of this knowledge to prevent diseases.
Epidemiological (and other observational) studies typically highlight associations between exposures and outcomes, rather than causation. While some consider this a limitation of observational research, epidemiological models of causation (e.g. Bradford Hill criteria) [7] contend that an entire body of evidence is needed before determining if an association is truly causal. [8]
A Dictionary of Epidemiology (IEA). Oxford University Press. 20 June 2014. ISBN 978-0-19-997672-0. "People's Epidemiology Library". Archived from the original on 2012-03-23. "Video Discussion of the Prostate Cancer Epidemic". "Simulations of epidemic spread across a landscape". Monash Virtual Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2007-11-04.
Environmental epidemiology research can inform government policy change, risk management activities, and development of environmental standards. Vulnerability is the summation of all risk and protective factors that ultimately determine whether an individual or subpopulation experiences adverse health outcomes when an exposure to an ...
is the average number of people infected from one other person. For example, Ebola has an of two, so on average, a person who has Ebola will pass it on to two other people.. In epidemiology, the basic reproduction number, or basic reproductive number (sometimes called basic reproduction ratio or basic reproductive rate), denoted (pronounced R nought or R zero), [1] of an infection is the ...
Social epidemiology draws on methodologies and theoretical frameworks from many disciplines, and research overlaps with several social science fields, most notably economics, medical anthropology, medical sociology, health psychology and medical geography, as well as many domains of epidemiology.
Clinical epidemiology is a subfield of epidemiology specifically focused on issues relevant to clinical medicine. The term was first introduced by virologist John R. Paul in his presidential address to the American Society for Clinical Investigation in 1938. [1] [2] It is sometimes referred to as "the basic science of clinical medicine". [3]
Epidemiology of chikungunya; Epidemiology of childhood obesity; Clinical case definition; Clinical epidemiology; Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel statistics; Cognitive epidemiology; Cohort effect; Cohort study; Coinfection; Collider (statistics) Comorbidity; Compartmental models in epidemiology; Complex segregation analysis; Computational ...