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Infection with C. neoformans is termed cryptococcosis. Most infections with C. neoformans occur in the lungs, as the fungus enters its host through the respiratory route. [14] However, fungal meningitis and encephalitis, especially as a secondary infection for AIDS patients, are often caused by C. neoformans, making it a particularly dangerous ...
Although C. neoformans infection most commonly occurs as an opportunistic infection in immunocompromised people (such as those living with AIDS), C. gattii often infects immunocompetent people as well. [28] Cryptococcus species (both C. neoformans and C. gattii) are responsible for 68% of meningitis cases in those with HIV. [17]
Cryptococcus gattii, formerly known as Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii, is an encapsulated yeast found primarily in tropical and subtropical climates. Its teleomorph is Filobasidiella bacillispora, a filamentous fungus belonging to the class Tremellomycetes.
The C. neoformans capsule consists of several polysaccharides, of which the major one is the immunomodulatory polysaccharide called glucuronoxylomannan (GXM). [4] GXM is made up of the monosaccharides glucuronic acid, xylose and mannose and can also contain O-acetyl groups. The capsule functions as the major virulence factor in cryptococcal ...
The haploid nuclei of C. neoformans can undergo nuclear fusion to become diploid. These diploid nuclei may then undergo meiosis, including recombination, resulting in the formation of haploid basidiospores that are able to disperse. [13] Meiosis may facilitate repair of C. neoformans DNA in response to macrophage challenge. [13] [14]
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Cryptococcus species (cryptococcus gatti and neoformans) have a polysaccharide capsule surrounding the yeasts to shield the yeast from immune system killing. Cryptococcus also has a cell wall laccase , a copper-containing cell wall enzyme that increases the release of dopamine and prostaglandin E2 inflammatory markers in humans to increase ...