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2. List of logic symbols - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_logic_symbols

   The following table lists many common symbols, together with their name, how they should be read out loud, and the related field of mathematics. Additionally, the subsequent columns contains an informal explanation, a short example, the Unicode location, the name for use in HTML documents, [1] and the LaTeX symbol.

3. Monadic second-order logic - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monadic_second-order_logic

   Second-order logic allows quantification over predicates. However, MSO is the fragment in which second-order quantification is limited to monadic predicates (predicates having a single argument). This is often described as quantification over "sets" because monadic predicates are equivalent in expressive power to sets (the set of elements for ...

4. Square of opposition - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_of_opposition

   A categorical proposition is a simple proposition containing two terms, subject (S) and predicate (P), in which the predicate is either asserted or denied of the subject. Every categorical proposition can be reduced to one of four logical forms , named A , E , I , and O based on the Latin a ff i rmo (I affirm), for the affirmative propositions ...

5. Predicate (mathematical logic) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predicate_(mathematical_logic)

   In a sense, these are nullary (i.e. 0-arity) predicates. In first-order logic, a predicate forms an atomic formula when applied to an appropriate number of terms. In set theory with the law of excluded middle, predicates are understood to be characteristic functions or set indicator functions (i.e., functions from a set element to a truth value).

6. First-order logic - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order_logic

   First-order logic—also called predicate logic, predicate calculus, quantificational logic—is a collection of formal systems used in mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science. First-order logic uses quantified variables over non-logical objects, and allows the use of sentences that contain variables.

7. Sentence (mathematical logic) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(mathematical_logic)

   In mathematical logic, a sentence (or closed formula) [1] of a predicate logic is a Boolean-valued well-formed formula with no free variables.A sentence can be viewed as expressing a proposition, something that must be true or false.