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  2. Light-emitting diode physics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode_physics

    An LED begins to emit light when more than 2 or 3 volts is applied in the forward direction. The reverse bias region uses a different vertical scale from the forward bias region to show that the leakage current is nearly constant with voltage until breakdown occurs. In forward bias, the current starts small but increases exponentially with voltage.

  3. Light-emitting diode - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode

    As illustrated by a straight line on the chromaticity diagram, simple two-white blends will have a pink bias, becoming most severe in the middle. A small amount of green light, provided by another LED, could correct the problem. [38] Some products are RGBWW, i.e. RGBW with tunable white. [39] A final class of white LED with mixed light is dim ...

  4. Voltage-sensitive dye - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-sensitive_dye

    Pioneers of voltage-sensitive dyes: A. Grinvald, L.B. Cohen, K. Kamino, B.M. Salzberg, W.N. Ross; Tokyo, 2000. Fast-response probes: These are amphiphilic membrane staining dyes which usually have a pair of hydrocarbon chains acting as membrane anchors and a hydrophilic group which aligns the chromophore perpendicular to the membrane/aqueous interface.

  5. Gating (electrophysiology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gating_(electrophysiology)

    Activation is the process of opening the activation gate, which occurs in response to the voltage inside the cell membrane (the membrane potential) becoming more positive with respect to the outside of the cell (depolarization), and 'deactivation' is the opposite process of the activation gate closing in response to the inside of the membrane ...

  6. Cell biology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_biology

    Cell membrane: The cell membrane can be described as a phospholipid bilayer and is also consisted of lipids and proteins. [13] Because the inside of the bilayer is hydrophobic and in order for molecules to participate in reactions within the cell, they need to be able to cross this membrane layer to get into the cell via osmotic pressure ...

  7. Depolarization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depolarization

    This difference in charge is called the cell's membrane potential. In the process of depolarization, the negative internal charge of the cell temporarily becomes more positive (less negative). This shift from a negative to a more positive membrane potential occurs during several processes, including an action potential. During an action ...

  8. Fluid mosaic model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_mosaic_model

    Fluid mosaic model of a cell membrane. The fluid mosaic model explains various characteristics regarding the structure of functional cell membranes.According to this biological model, there is a lipid bilayer (two molecules thick layer consisting primarily of amphipathic phospholipids) in which protein molecules are embedded.

  9. Dielectrophoresis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectrophoresis

    Where the particle consists of nested spheres – the most common example of which is the approximation of a spherical cell composed of an inner part (the cytoplasm) surrounded by an outer layer (the cell membrane) – then this can be represented by nested expressions for the shells and the way in which they interact, allowing the properties ...