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The axolotl is less commonly used than other vertebrates, but is still a classical model for examining regeneration and neurogenesis. Though the axolotl has made its place in biomedical research in terms of limb regeneration, [19] [20] the model organism has displayed a robust ability to generate new neurons following damage.
Poor diet in early childhood affects the number of neurons in parts of the brain. [1]Nutritional neuroscience is the scientific discipline that studies the effects various components of the diet such as minerals, vitamins, protein, carbohydrates, fats, dietary supplements, synthetic hormones, and food additives have on neurochemistry, neurobiology, behavior, and cognition.
Neurogenins primarily govern the transition of neural progenitor cells to neurons by activating specific downstream genes associated with neuronal differentiation. Their involvement spans various stages of neurogenesis, including the determination of neural progenitor identity, cell cycle exit, and the acquisition of neuronal characteristics.
The vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) is derived from the ectoderm—the outermost germ layer of the embryo. A part of the dorsal ectoderm becomes specified to neural ectoderm – neuroectoderm that forms the neural plate along the dorsal side of the embryo.
[3] In the 1950s, neurochemistry became a recognized scientific research discipline. [ 4 ] The founding of neurochemistry as a discipline traces its origins to a series of "International Neurochemical Symposia", of which the first symposium volume published in 1954 was titled Biochemistry of the Developing Nervous System . [ 5 ]
Neurogenesis is the process by which nervous system cells, the neurons, are produced by neural stem cells (NSCs). [1] This occurs in all species of animals except the porifera (sponges) and placozoans . [ 2 ]
Hippocampal neurogenesis. In the subgranular zone in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, NSCs differentiate into granule cells. These new granule cells are implicated in memory formation and learning. [3] The number of granule cells generated in the dentate gyrus each month is approximately 6% of the total population of dentate gyrus neurons. [3]
Layer I, the molecular layer, is the first cortical layer produced during neurogenesis at mice at embryonal days 10.5 to 12.5 (E10.5 to E12.5). [7] Of the six layers found within the neocortex, layer I is the most superficial and is composed of Cajal–Retzius cells and pyramidal cells. [8]