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In a number of cases, treaties signed with Native Americans were violated. Tens of thousands of American Indians and Alaska Natives were forced to attend a residential school system which sought to reeducate them in white-settler American values, culture, and economy. [91] [92] [93]
Separation of children from their families with the goal "to destroy the identity of a group," partially or completely, is specifically included in the 1948 Genocide Convention's definition of genocide. The boarding schools' assimilationist goals were explicitly genocidal to the extent that these schools were intentionally designed to "kill the ...
[102] [103] Over the course of the system's existence, about 30% of Indigenous children, or roughly 150,000, were placed in residential schools nationally; at least 6,000 of these students died while in attendance. [104] [105] While the schools provided some education, they were plagued by under-funding, disease, abuse, and sexual abuse.
Pupils at Carlisle Indian Industrial School, Pennsylvania, c. 1900. American Indian boarding schools, also known more recently as American Indian residential schools, were established in the United States from the mid-17th to the early 20th centuries with a primary objective of "civilizing" or assimilating Native American children and youth into Anglo-American culture.
Study period at a Roman Catholic Indian Residential School in Fort Resolution, Northwest Territories. The Canadian Indian residential school system [a] was a network of boarding schools for Indigenous peoples. [b] The network was funded by the Canadian government's Department of Indian Affairs and administered by various Christian churches.
Beginning in the late 19th century, it traces the history of the United States and Canadian governments establishing Indian boarding schools or residential schools, respectively, where Native American children were required to attend, to encourage their study of English, conversion to Christianity, and assimilation to the majority culture. The ...
[133] [134] [135] The term cultural genocide began to be utilized in the 1990s when researchers and Indigenous leaders started to declare the actions of churches and the government regarding residential schools were genocidal. [136] There is debate among scholars about the designation used and if the term genocide legally applies to Canada's ...
If rules were broken the students were brutally punished. Residential schools were known for students experiencing physical, sexual, emotional and psychological abuse from the staff of the schools. [20] Residential schools resulted in generations of Indigenous peoples who lost their language and culture. The removal of homes at such a young age ...